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Home / Artlabeling Activity the Middle Ear Structures Within the Middle Ear Cavity

Artlabeling Activity the Middle Ear Structures Within the Middle Ear Cavity

Organ of hearing and rest

Ear
Human right ear (cropped).jpg

The outer portion of the human ear

"Ear" pronounced (Received Pronunciation)
Details
System Auditory system
Identifiers
Latin Auris
MeSH D004423
NeuroLex ID birnlex_1062
TA98 A01.one.00.005
A15.three.00.001
TA2 6861
FMA 52780
Anatomical terminology

[edit on Wikidata]

How sounds make their mode from the source to the human brain

The ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body residual using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is commonly described equally having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal. Since the outer ear is the just visible portion of the ear in almost animals, the word "ear" oft refers to the external function solitary.[1] The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the 3 ossicles. The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth, and contains structures which are central to several senses: the semicircular canals, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the utricle and saccule, which enable balance when stationary; and the cochlea, which enables hearing. The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids sound localisation.

The ear develops from the outset pharyngeal pouch and half dozen small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes, which are derived from ectoderm.

The ear may be affected past affliction, including infection and traumatic impairment. Diseases of the ear may lead to hearing loss, tinnitus and balance disorders such as vertigo, although many of these conditions may also be affected past damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear.

The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations.

Structure

The homo ear consists of iii parts—the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.[2] The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled tympanic crenel of the middle ear past the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three minor bones—the ossicles—involved in the transmission of audio, and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx, via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube. The inner ear contains the otolith organs—the utricle and saccule—and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system, as well every bit the cochlea of the auditory system.[2]

Outer ear

The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna (also called the auricle), the ear culvert, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also chosen the tympanic membrane).[two] [3]

The pinna consists of the curving outer rim chosen the helix, the inner curved rim called the antihelix, and opens into the ear canal. The tragus protrudes and partially obscures the ear canal, as does the facing antitragus. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for most 1inch (2.fivecm). The get-go part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage, while the second function most the eardrum is surrounded by bone. This bony function is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic function of the temporal bone. The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum.[3]

Two sets of muscles are associated with the outer ear: the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. In some mammals, these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna.[3] In humans, these muscles have petty or no upshot.[4] The ear muscles are supplied past the facial nerve, which also supplies sensation to the skin of the ear itself, besides equally to the external ear cavity. The cracking auricular nervus, auricular nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, and lesser and greater occipital nerves of the cervical plexus all supply awareness to parts of the outer ear and the surrounding skin.[3]

The pinna consists of a single slice of elastic cartilage with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface. A tubercle, known as Darwin'due south tubercle, is sometimes present, lying in the descending role of the helix and corresponding to the ear-tip of mammals. The earlobe consists of areola and adipose tissue.[5] The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the localisation of sound. The brain accomplishes this by comparing arrival-times and intensities from each ear, in circuits located in the superior olivary complex and the trapezoid bodies which are continued via pathways to both ears.[vi]

Middle ear

The middle ear lies betwixt the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled crenel called the tympanic cavity and includes the 3 ossicles and their attaching ligaments; the auditory tube; and the circular and oval windows. The ossicles are 3 minor bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body. The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube.[3] [vii]

The three ossicles transmit audio from the outer ear to the inner ear. The malleus receives vibrations from sound force per unit area on the eardrum, where information technology is continued at its longest part (the manubrium or handle) past a ligament. It transmits vibrations to the incus, which in turn transmits the vibrations to the pocket-sized stapes bone. The broad base of operations of the stapes rests on the oval window. As the stapes vibrates, vibrations are transmitted through the oval window, causing movement of fluid within the cochlea.[three]

The circular window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to motility. As the stapes pushes the secondary tympanic membrane, fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a respective amount into the middle ear. The ossicles assist amplify audio waves by nearly 15–20 times.[2]

Inner ear

The inner ear sits inside the temporal bone in a complex cavity chosen the bony labyrinth. A central area known every bit the lobby contains two pocket-sized fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea. At that place are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic residual. The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the bleary labyrinth.[viii]

The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal os. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph, which fills the bleary labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in 2 vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of 3 fluid-filled spaces: the vestibular duct, the cochlear duct, and the tympanic duct.[three] Pilus cells responsible for transduction—irresolute mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the organ of Corti in the cochlea.[viii]

Blood supply

The blood supply of the ear differs according to each part of the ear.

The outer ear is supplied by a number of arteries. The posterior auricular artery provides the majority of the blood supply. The anterior auricular arteries provide some supply to the outer rim of the ear and scalp behind it. The posterior auricular artery is a directly branch of the external carotid artery, and the anterior auricular arteries are branches from the superficial temporal artery. The occipital artery also plays a role.[8]

The middle ear is supplied by the mastoid branch of either the occipital or posterior auricular arteries and the deep auricular artery, a branch of the maxillary avenue. Other arteries which are present but play a smaller role include branches of the eye meningeal artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, internal carotid artery, and the artery of the pterygoid canal.[8]

The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery; the petrosal co-operative of eye meningeal artery; and the labyrinthine artery, arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar avenue.[8]

Part

Hearing

Sound waves travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where information technology is registered every bit sound.

Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles basic transmit this sound to a 2nd window (the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a audio, which impacts on the eardrum. The malleus rests on the membrane, and receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor tympani and stapedius, besides help attune noise. The two muscles reflexively contract to dampen excessive vibrations. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the vestibule and the cochlea.[9]

The inner ear houses the appliance necessary to modify the vibrations transmitted from the outside world via the middle ear into signals passed along the vestibulocochlear nervus to the encephalon. The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid, and contain a sensory epithelium that is studded with hair cells. The microscopic "hairs" of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid. The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemic neurotransmitter when stimulated. Audio waves moving through fluid flows against the receptor cells of the organ of Corti. The fluid pushes the filaments of private cells; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to go open to receive the potassium-rich endolymph. This causes the prison cell to depolarise, and creates an activity potential that is transmitted forth the spiral ganglion, which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain.[9]

The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz (the audio range). Sounds outside this range are considered infrasound (below twenty Hz)[10] or ultrasound (above twenty kHz)[11] Although hearing requires an intact and performance auditory portion of the fundamental nervous system every bit well equally a working ear, human being deafness (extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occurs considering of abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of the central auditory arrangement.

Balance

Providing residuum, when moving or stationary, is also a central office of the ear. The ear facilitates two types of balance: static balance, which allows a person to experience the effects of gravity, and dynamic balance, which allows a person to sense acceleration.

Static residue is provided past ii ventricles, the utricle and the saccule. Cells lining the walls of these ventricles comprise fine filaments, and the cells are covered with a fine gelled layer. Each cell has 50–seventy pocket-size filaments, and one large filament, the kinocilium. Inside the gelatinous layer lie otoliths, tiny formations of calcium carbonate. When a person moves, these otoliths shift position. This shift alters the positions of the filaments, which opens ion channels within the cell membranes, creating depolarisation and an action potential that is transmitted to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve.[9] [12]

Dynamic balance is provided through the three semicircular canals. These three canals are orthogonal (at correct angles) to each other. At the end of each canal is a slight enlargement, known as the ampulla, which contains numerous cells with filaments in a central expanse called the cupula. The fluid in these canals rotates co-ordinate to the momentum of the caput. When a person changes acceleration, the inertia of the fluid changes. This affects the pressure on the cupula, and results in the opening of ion channels. This causes depolarisation, which is passed as a bespeak to the encephalon along the vestibulocochlear nerve.[ix] Dynamic balance also helps maintain centre tracking when moving, via the vestibulo–ocular reflex.

Development

During embryogenesis the ear develops as iii distinct structures: the inner ear, the centre ear and the outer ear.[13] Each construction originates from a unlike germ layer: the ectoderm, endoderm and mesenchyme.[xiv] [15]

Inner ear

The otic placode visible on this sketch of a developing embryo.

Subsequently implantation, around the second to third week the developing embryo consists of three layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear,[15] which begins to grade from the ectoderm around the 22nd solar day of the embryo's development.[xiv] Specifically, the inner ear derives from 2 thickenings called otic placodes on either side of the head. Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm, forms an otic pit and so an otic vesicle.[16] This unabridged mass will eventually become surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth.[xvi] [17]

Around the 33rd 24-hour interval of development, the vesicles begin to differentiate. Closer to the dorsum of the embryo, they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals. Closer to the front end of the embryo, the vesicles differentiate into a rudimentary saccule, which volition eventually become the saccule and cochlea. Part of the saccule will eventually give ascension and connect to the cochlear duct. This duct appears approximately during the sixth week and connects to the saccule through the ductus reuniens.[14]

Equally the cochlear duct's mesenchyme begins to differentiate, three cavities are formed: the scala vestibuli, the scala tympani and the scala media.[14] [17] Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid chosen perilymph. The scala media contains endolymph.[17] A set of membranes called the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct, respectively.[14]

Parts of the otic vesicle in turn class the vestibulocochlear nervus.[18] These grade bipolar neurons which supply sensation to parts of the inner ear (namely the sensory parts of the semicircular canals, macular of the utricle and saccule, and organ of Corti). The nervus begins to form around the 28th twenty-four hours.[16]

Molecular regulation

Almost of the genes responsible for the regulation of inner ear formation and its morphogenesis are members of the homeobox cistron family such equally Pax, Msx and Otx homeobox genes. The development of inner ear structures such as the cochlea is regulated by Dlx5/Dlx6, Otx1/Otx2 and Pax2, which in plow are controlled past the chief gene Shh. Shh is secreted by the notochord.[19]

Heart ear

The middle ear and its components develop from the outset and second pharyngeal arches.[16] The tympanic crenel and auditory tube develop from the first part of the pharyngeal pouch between the commencement two arches in an area which will besides continue to develop the throat. This develops as a construction called the tubotympanic recess.[16] The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) normally appear during the first half of fetal evolution. The get-go two (malleus and incus) derive from the first pharyngeal arch and the stapes derives from the 2nd.[14] All three ossicles develop from the neural crest.[sixteen] Eventually cells from the tissue surrounding the ossicles will experience apoptosis and a new layer of endodermal epithelial will institute the formation of the tympanic crenel wall.[fourteen] [15]

Outer ear

The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves up equally the mandible develops.

Unlike structures of the inner and middle ear, which develop from pharyngeal pouches, the ear canal originates from the dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal cleft.[xiv] [16] Information technology is fully expanded by the end of the 18th week of development.[17] The eardrum is made up of three layers (ectoderm, endoderm and connective tissue). The pinna originates as a fusion of six hillocks. The first three hillocks are derived from the lower role of the showtime pharyngeal arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. The last three hillocks are derived from the upper function of the second pharyngeal arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and earlobe.[fourteen] [16] [17] The outer ears develop in the lower neck. Every bit the mandible forms they move towards their final position level with the eyes.[13] [18]

Clinical significance

Hearing loss

Perforation

Fluid in the middle ear cavity

Complications of otitis media that can atomic number 82 to hearing loss, equally seen on otoscope.

Hearing loss may exist either partial or total. This may be a outcome of injury or harm, congenital disease, or physiological causes. When hearing loss is a result of injury or impairment to the outer ear or heart ear, it is known as conductive hearing loss. When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear, vestibulochoclear nervus, or brain, it is known as sensorineural hearing loss.

Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by ear wax, ossicles that are stock-still together or absent, or holes in the eardrum. Conductive hearing loss may also result from heart ear inflammation causing fluid build-upwards in the commonly air-filled space, such as by otitis media. Tympanoplasty is the general name of the operation to repair the middle ear's eardrum and ossicles. Grafts from muscle fascia are unremarkably used to rebuild an intact eardrum. Sometimes bogus ear bones are placed to substitute for damaged ones, or a disrupted ossicular chain is rebuilt in order to behave sound effectively.

Hearing aids or cochlear implants may exist used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged. Hearing aids work past amplifying the sound of the local environs and are best suited to conductive hearing loss.[xx] Cochlear implants transmit the audio that is heard as if it were a nervous point, bypassing the cochlea. Active middle ear implants transport sound vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear, bypassing any non-functioning parts of the outer and middle ear.

Congenital abnormalities

Anomalies and malformations of the pinna are common. These anomalies include chromosome syndromes such as ring 18. Children may also present cases of abnormal ear canals and depression ear implantation.[15] In rare cases no pinna is formed (atresia), or is extremely pocket-size (microtia). Minor pinnae tin can develop when the auricular hillocks do not develop properly. The ear canal can fail to develop if it does not channelise properly or if there is an obstruction.[15] Reconstructive surgery to treat hearing loss is considered equally an pick for children older than five,[21] with a cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an otoplasty. The initial medical intervention is aimed at assessing the baby's hearing and the status of the ear culvert, as well as the middle and inner ear. Depending on the results of tests, reconstruction of the outer ear is done in stages, with planning for any possible repairs of the rest of the ear.[22] [23] [24]

Approximately 1 out of m children suffer some blazon of built deafness related to the development of the inner ear.[25] Inner ear congenital anomalies are related to sensorineural hearing loss and are generally diagnosed with a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.[21] Hearing loss problems also derive from inner ear anomalies because its development is separate from that of the middle and external ear.[15] Middle ear anomalies can occur because of errors during head and cervix development. The first pharyngeal pouch syndrome associates middle ear anomalies to the malleus and incus structures likewise as to the non-differentiation of the annular stapedial ligament. Temporal bone and ear canal anomalies are besides related to this structure of the ear and are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss.[21]

Vertigo

Vertigo refers to the inappropriate perception of motion. This is due to dysfunction of the vestibular system. One mutual type of vertigo is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, when an otolith is displaced from the ventricles to the semicircular canal. The displaced otolith rests on the cupola, causing a awareness of move when there is none. Ménière's affliction, labyrinthitis, strokes, and other infective and built diseases may likewise upshot in the perception of vertigo.[26]

Injury

Outer ear

Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently, and tin can leave minor to major deformity. Injuries include: laceration, avulsion injuries, burn and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear, for discipline or torture.[27] Chronic damage to the ears can cause cauliflower ear, a common condition in boxers and wrestlers in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted attributable to persistence of a haematoma around the perichondrium, which can impair blood supply and healing.[28] Owing to its exposed position, the external ear is susceptible to frostbite[29] also as skin cancers, including squamous-cell carcinoma and basal-prison cell carcinomas.[30]

Eye ear

The ear drum may go perforated in the event of a big sound or explosion, when diving or flying (called barotrauma), or past objects inserted into the ear. Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media.[31] These may cause a discharge from the ear chosen otorrhea,[32] and are often investigated by otoscopy and audiometry. Treatment may include watchful waiting, antibiotics and possibly surgery, if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected.[33] Skull fractures that become through the part of the skull containing the ear structures (the temporal bone) can as well cause damage to the center ear.[34] A cholesteatoma is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections. Information technology may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo, and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan. The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery.[35]

Inner ear

There are two master damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society, and both injure pilus cells. The offset is exposure to elevated sound levels (dissonance trauma), and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances (ototoxicity). A big number of people are exposed to audio levels on a daily basis that are likely to pb to meaning hearing loss.[36] The National Constitute for Occupational Safety and Health has recently published enquiry on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty (eleven%) and the percentage of those that tin can be attributed to occupational noise exposure (24%).[37] Furthermore, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), approximately 20-2 million (17%) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise.[38] Workers exposed to hazardous noise farther exacerbate the potential for developing racket-induced hearing loss when they do non wear hearing protection.

Tinnitus

Tinnitus is the hearing of audio when no external audio is nowadays.[39] While often described as a ringing, information technology may also audio like a clicking, hiss or roaring.[40] Rarely, unclear voices or music are heard.[41] The sound may exist soft or loud, low pitched or high pitched and appear to be coming from one ear or both.[40] Almost of the time, it comes on gradually.[41] In some people, the sound causes depression, anxiety, or concentration difficulties.[40]

Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes. One of the well-nigh mutual causes is noise-induced hearing loss. Other causes include: ear infections, disease of the eye or blood vessels, Ménière's illness, brain tumors, emotional stress, exposure to certain medications, a previous caput injury, and earwax.[40] [42] Information technology is more common in those with low and anxiety.[41]

Club and culture

Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings

The ears accept been ornamented with jewelry for thousands of years, traditionally by piercing of the earlobe. In ancient and modern cultures, ornaments accept been placed to stretch and overstate the earlobes, allowing for larger plugs to exist slid into a large fleshy gap in the lobe. Trigger-happy of the earlobe from the weight of heavy earrings, or from traumatic pull of an earring (for example, past snagging on a sweater), is adequately common.[43]

Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times equally a method of reprimand or punishment – "In Roman times, when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably, the injured political party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor; if the offender did not appear within the specified fourth dimension limit, the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements. If they refused, as often happened, the injured party was immune to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted. Hence the French expression "se faire tirer l'oreille", of which the literal meaning is "to take i'south ear pulled" and the figurative significant "to take a lot of persuading". Nosotros use the expression "to tweak (or pull) someone's ears" to mean "inflict a punishment"."[27]

The pinnae accept an result on facial appearance. In Western societies, protruding ears (present in about 5% of ethnic Europeans) accept been considered unattractive, particularly if asymmetric.[44] The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by Ernst Dieffenbach in 1845, and the beginning example report in 1881.[45]

2017-07-22 Amphi festival 2017 013.jpg

Pointy ears are a characteristic of some creatures in folklore such as the French croquemitaine, Brazilian curupira[46] or Japanese earth spider.[47] Information technology has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of Ancient Hellenic republic[48] and medieval Europe.[49] Pointy ears are a mutual characteristic of many creatures in the fantasy genre,[50] including elves,[51] [52] [53] faeries,[54] [55] pixies,[56] hobbits,[57] or orcs.[58] They are a characteristic of creatures in the horror genre, such as vampires.[59] [60] Pointy ears are besides found in the science fiction genre; for example among the Vulcan and Romulan races of the Star Trek universe[61] and the Nightcrawler graphic symbol from the X-Men universe.[62]

Georg von Békésy was a Hungarian biophysicist born in Budapest, Hungary. In 1961, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ.[63]

The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back. The "ear" was actually an ear-shaped cartilage construction grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear-shaped mold and and then implanted under the skin of the mouse; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself.[64] Information technology was adult as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and controversy in 1997.[65] [66]

Other animals

The pinna helps straight sound through the ear canal to the eardrum. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced past prey, using echolocation signals. These ridges tin can be regarded as the audio-visual equivalent of a fresnel lens, and may be seen in a wide range of animals, including the bat, aye-aye, lesser galago, bat-eared fox, mouse lemur and others.[67] [68] [69]

Some big primates such as gorillas and orang-utans (and besides humans) have undeveloped ear muscles that are non-functional vestigial structures, yet are still large enough to exist easily identified.[70] An ear muscle that cannot move the ear, for whatever reason, has lost that biological function. This serves as evidence of homology between related species. In humans, there is variability in these muscles, such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions, and information technology has been said that it may be possible for others to proceeds such motility by repeated trials.[70] In such primates, the inability to move the ear is compensated for mainly by the power to easily turn the caput on a horizontal plane, an ability which is not common to most monkeys—a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another.[71]

In some animals with mobile pinnae (like the equus caballus), each pinna tin be aimed independently to improve receive the sound. For these animals, the pinnae assist localise the management of the sound source.

Half-Lop Rabbit
Illustration by
Charles Darwin, 1868

The ear, with its blood vessels shut to the surface, is an essential thermoregulator in some state mammals, including the elephant, the flim-flam, and the rabbit.[72] There are v types of ear carriage in domestic rabbits, some of which have been bred for exaggerated ear length[73]—a potential wellness adventure that is controlled in some countries.[74] Abnormalities in the skull of a half-lop rabbit were studied by Charles Darwin in 1868. In marine mammals, earless seals are one of three groups of Pinnipedia.

Invertebrates

Only vertebrate animals have ears, though many invertebrates observe audio using other kinds of sense organs. In insects, tympanal organs are used to hear distant sounds. They are located either on the head or elsewhere, depending on the insect family.[75] The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive, offering acute hearing across that of about other animals. The female cricket fly Ormia ochracea has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen. They are connected past a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they role like a tiny pair of eardrums, but, because they are linked, they provide acute directional information. The fly uses her "ears" to find the phone call of her host, a male cricket. Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from, the fly's hearing organs will reflect at slightly different frequencies. This difference may be every bit trivial as 50 billionths of a second, just it is enough to allow the fly to dwelling in directly on a singing male person cricket and parasitise it.[76]

Simpler structures allow other arthropods to find near-field sounds. Spiders and cockroaches, for case, have hairs on their legs which are used for detecting sound. Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations[77] and allow them to reply to sound.

Come across too

  • Hear, hear
  • Hearing exam
  • Righting reflex

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External links

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear